2024年北华大学050211外国语言学及应用语言学《理论语言学》考研复试精品资料

【电子书】2024年北华大学理论语言学考研复试精品资料

说明：本套考研复试资料由本机构多位高分研究生潜心整理编写，2024年考研复试首选资料。一、2024年北华大学理论语言学考研复试资料

1．《语言学教程》考研复试相关资料

（1）《语言学教程》［笔记+课件+提纲］

①《语言学教程》考研复试笔记。

说明：本书重点复习笔记，条理清晰，重难点突出，提高复试复习效率，考研复试重要资料。②《语言学教程》本科生课件。

说明：参考书配套授课PPT课件，条理清晰，内容详尽，版权归属制作教师，本项免费赠送。③《语言学教程》复试复习提纲。

说明：该科目复习重难点提纲，提炼出重难点，有的放矢，提高复试复习针对性。

（2）《语言学教程》考研复试核心题库（含答案）

①北华大学理论语言学考研复试核心题库之辨析题精编。

②北华大学理论语言学考研复试核心题库之名词解释精编。

③北华大学理论语言学考研复试核心题库之简答题精编。

④北华大学理论语言学考研复试核心题库之论述题精编。

⑤北华大学理论语言学考研复试核心题库之综合题精编。

说明：本题库涵盖了该复试科目常考题型及重点题型，根据复试考试要求进行了分类整理汇编并给出了详细答案解析，针对性强，是考研复试重要资料。

（3）《语言学教程》考研复试模拟题［仿真+预测+冲刺］①2024年北华大学理论语言学考研复试五套仿真模拟题。说明：严格按照本科目最新复试题型和难度出题，共五套全仿真模拟试题含答案解析，复试重要资料。②2024年北华大学理论语言学考研复试终极预测五套题及详细答案解析。

说明：复试复习效果检测使用。共五套核心题库，均含有详细答案解析，考研复试复习重要资料。③2024年北华大学理论语言学考研复试冲刺狂背五套题及详细答案解析。

说明：考研复试冲刺预测。共五套冲刺预测试题，均有详细答案解析，最后冲刺重要资料。

二、复试资料全国统一零售价

2．本套考研复试资料包含以上一、二部分（不含教材），全国统一零售价：［￥］

特别说明：

①本套复试资料由本机构编写组按照考研复试大纲、复试真题（回忆）、指定参考书等公开信息整理收集编写，仅供考研复试复习参考，与目标学校及研究生院官方无关，如有侵权、请联系我们将立即处理。②复试资料中若含有真题及课件为免费赠送，仅供参考，版权归属学校及制作老师，在此对版权所有者表示感谢，如有异议及不妥，请联系我们，我们将无条件立即处理！资料若有更新，免费赠送电子版。

三、2024年研究生入学考试复试指定/推荐参考书目（资料不包括教材）

3．北华大学理论语言学考研复试参考书

《语言学教程》胡壮麟，北京大学出版社，2011年，第四版。

四、本套考研资料适用院系

外国语学院

版权声明

编写组依法对本书享有专有著作权，同时我们尊重知识产权，对本电子书部分内容参考和引用的市面上已出版或发行图书及来自互联网等资料的文字、图片、表格数据等资料，均要求注明作者和来源。但由于各种原因，如资料引用时未能联系上作者或者无法确认内容来源等，因而有部分未注明作者或来源，在此对原作者或权利人表示感谢。若使用过程中对本书有任何异议请直接联系我们，我们会在第一时间与您沟通处理。

因编撰此电子书属于首次，加之作者水平和时间所限，书中错漏之处在所难免，恳切希望广大考生读者批评指正。

目录

封面......................................................1

目录......................................................4

2024年北华大学理论语言学复试备考信息...................................6

北华大学理论语言学考研复试参考书目.....................................6

北华大学理论语言学考研复试招生适用院系/专业................................6

2024年北华大学理论语言学考研复试核心笔记.................................7

《语言学教程》考研核心笔记..........................................7

Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics..................7

Chapter2SpeechSounds...............................11

Chapter3Lexicon.....................................16

Chapter4Syntax......................................21

Chapter5Meaning.....................................25

Chapter6LanguageProcessinginMind.................28

Chapter7Language,CultureandSociety...............32

Chapter8LanguageinUse.............................34

Chapter9LanguageandLiterature.....................38

Chapter10LanguageandComputer......................42

Chapter11LinguisticsandForeignLanguageTeaching..45

Chapter12TheoriesandSchoolsofModernLinguistics.49

2024年北华大学理论语言学考研复试辅导课件.................................55

《语言学教程》考研复试辅导课件.......................................55

2024年北华大学理论语言学考研复试复习提纲.................................141

《语言学教程》考研复试复习提纲...................................141

2024年北华大学理论语言学考研复试核心题库.................................159

《语言学教程》考研复试核心题库之辨析题精编..............................159

《语言学教程》考研复试核心题库之名词解释精编.............................167

《语言学教程》考研复试核心题库之简答题精编..............................174

《语言学教程》考研复试核心题库之论述题精编..............................185

《语言学教程》考研复试核心题库之综合题精编..............................196

2024年北华大学理论语言学考研复试题库［仿真+强化+冲刺］.........................198

北华大学理论语言学考研复试五套仿真模拟题..............................198

2024年语言学教程复试五套仿真模拟题及详细答案解析（一）...................198

2024年语言学教程复试五套仿真模拟题及详细答案解析（二）...................203

2024年语言学教程复试五套仿真模拟题及详细答案解析（三）...............208

2024年语言学教程复试五套仿真模拟题及详细答案解析（四）...............213

2024年语言学教程复试五套仿真模拟题及详细答案解析（五）...............218

北华大学理论语言学考研复试终极预测五套题.........................224

2024年语言学教程复试终极预测五套题及详细答案解析（一）...............224

2024年语言学教程复试终极预测五套题及详细答案解析（二）...............230

2024年语言学教程复试终极预测五套题及详细答案解析（三）...............235

2024年语言学教程复试终极预测五套题及详细答案解析（四）...............239

2024年语言学教程复试终极预测五套题及详细答案解析（五）...............244

北华大学理论语言学考研复试冲刺狂背五套题.........................249

2024年语言学教程复试冲刺狂背五套题及详细答案解析（一）...............249

2024年语言学教程复试冲刺狂背五套题及详细答案解析（二）...............254

2024年语言学教程复试冲刺狂背五套题及详细答案解析（三）...............259

2024年语言学教程复试冲刺狂背五套题及详细答案解析（四）...............264

2024年语言学教程复试冲刺狂背五套题及详细答案解析（五）...............270

2024年北华大学理论语言学复试备考信息

北华大学理论语言学考研复试参考书目

《语言学教程》胡壮麟，北京大学出版社，2011年，第四版。

北华大学理论语言学考研复试招生适用院系/专业

外语学院

2024年北华大学理论语言学考研复试核心笔记

《语言学教程》考研复试核心笔记

Chapter1InvitationstoLinguistics

1.Whystudylanguage?

（1）Languageisveryessentialtohumanbeings.

（2）Inlanguagetherearemanythingsweshouldknow.

（3）Forfurtherunderstanding,weneedtostudylanguagescientifically.

2.Whatislanguage?

Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Itisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

3.Designfeaturesoflanguage

Thefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguagescanbecalleddesignfeatureswhichcandistinguishhumanlanguagefromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.

（1）Arbitrariness

Arbitrarinessreferstothefactthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeanings.

（2）Duality

Dualityreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.

（3）Creativity

Creativitymeansthatlanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.Recursivenessreferstotherulewhichcanbeappliedrepeatedlywithoutanydefinitelimit.Therecursivenatureoflanguageprovidesatheoreticalbasisforthepossibilityofcreatingendlesssentences.

（4）Displacement

Displacementmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent（intimeandspace）atthemomentofconversation.

4.Originoflanguage

（1）Thebow-wowtheory

Inprimitivetimespeopleimitatedthesoundsoftheanimalcallsinthewildenvironmenttheylivedandspeechdevelopedfromthat.

（2）Thepooh-poohtheory

Inthehardlifeofourprimitiveancestors,theyutterinstinctivesoundsofpains,angerandjoywhichgraduallydevelopedintolanguage.

（3）The“yo-he-ho”theory

Asprimitivepeopleworkedtogether,theyproducedsomerhythmicgruntswhichgraduallydevelopedintochantsandthenintolanguage.

5.Functionsoflanguage

AsisproposedbyJacobson,languagehassixfunctions:

①Referential:toconveymessageandinformation;

②Poetic:toindulgeinlanguageforitsownsake;

③Emotive:toexpressattitudes,feelingsandemotions;

④Conative:topersuadeandinfluenceothersthroughcommandsandentreaties;

⑤Phatic:toestablishcommunionwithothers;

⑥Metalingual:toclearupintentions,wordsandmeanings.

Halliday（1994）proposesatheoryofmetafunctionsoflanguage.Itmeansthatlanguagehasthreemetafunctions:

①Ideationalfunction:toconveynewinformation,tocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothehearer;

②Interpersonalfunction:embodyingalluseoflanguagetoexpresssocialandpersonalrelationships;

③Textualfunction:referringtothefactthatlanguagehasmechanismstomakeanystretchofspokenandwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandunifiedtextandmakealivingpassagedifferentfromarandomlistofsentences.

AccordingtoHuZhuanglin,languagehasatleastsevenfunctions:

（1）Informative

Theinformativefunctionmeanslanguageistheinstrumentofthoughtandpeopleoftenuseittocommunicatenewinformation.

（2）Interpersonalfunction

Theinterpersonalfunctionmeanspeoplecanuselanguagetoestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.（3）Performative

Theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons,asinmarriageceremonies,thesentencingofcriminals,theblessingofchildren,thenamingofashipatalaunchingceremony,andthecursingofenemies.

（4）Emotivefunction

Theemotivefunctionisoneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitissocrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.

（5）Phaticcommunion

Thephaticcommunionmeanspeoplealwaysusesomesmall,seeminglymeaninglessexpressionssuchasGoodmorning,Godblessyou,Niceday,etc.,tomaintainacomfortablerelationshipbetweenpeoplewithoutanyfactualcontent.

（6）Recreationalfunction

Therecreationalfunctionmeanspeopleuselanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit,suchasababy’sbabblingorachanter’schanting.

（7）Metalingualfunction

Themetalingualfunctionmeanspeoplecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.E.g.Icanusetheword“book”totalkaboutabook,andIcanalsousetheexpression“thewordbook”totalkaboutthesign“b-o-o-k”itself.

6.Whatislinguistics?

Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudiesnotjustonelanguageofanyonecommunity,butthelanguageofallhumanbeings.

7.Mainbranchesoflinguistics

（1）Phonetics

Phoneticsisthestudyofspeechsounds,itincludesthreemainareas:articulatoryphonetics,acousticphonetics,andauditoryphonetics.

（2）Phonology

Phonologystudiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandthe

shapeofsyllables.

（3）Morphology

Morphologystudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning–morphemesandword-formationprocesses.

（4）Syntax

Syntaxreferstotherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.

（5）Semantics

Semanticsexamineshowmeaningisencodedinalanguage.

（6）Pragmatics

Pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaningincontext.

8.Macrolinguistics

Macrolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinallaspects,distinctfrommicrolinguistics,whichdealtsolelywiththeformalaspectoflanguagesystem.

（1）Psycholinguistics

Psycholinguisticsinvestigatestheinterrelationoflanguageandmind,inprocessingandproducingutterancesandinlanguageacquisitionforexample.

（2）Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguisticsisatermwhichcoversavarietyofdifferentinterestsinlanguageandsociety,includingthelanguageandthesocialcharacteristicsofitsusers.

（3）Anthropologicallinguistics

Anthropologicallinguisticsstudiestherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureinacommunity.

（4）Computationallinguistics

Computationallinguisticsisaninterdisciplinaryfieldwhichcentersaroundtheuseofcomputerstoprocessorproducehumanlanguage.

9.Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics

（1）Descriptivevs.prescriptive

Tosaythatlinguisticsisadescriptivescienceistosaythatthelinguisttriestodiscoverandrecordtherulestowhichthemembersofalanguage-communityactuallyconformanddoesnotseektoimposeuponthemotherrules,ornorms,ofcorrectness.

Prescriptivelinguisticsaimstolaydownrulesforthecorrectuseoflanguageandsettlethedisputesoverusageonceandforall.

Forexample,“Don’tsayX.”isaprescriptivecommand;“Peopledon’tsayX.”isadescriptivestatement.Thedistinctionliesinprescribinghowthingsoughttobeanddescribinghowthingsare.Inthe18thcentury,allthemainEuropeanlanguageswerestudiedprescriptively.However,modernlinguisticsismostlydescriptivebecausethenatureoflinguisticsasasciencedeterminesitspreoccupationwithdescriptioninsteadofprescription.

（2）Synchronicvs.diachronic

Asynchronicstudytakesafixedinstant（usuallyatpresent）asitspointofobservation.Saussure’sdiachronicdescriptionisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.E.g.astudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimewouldbesynchronic,andastudyofthechangesEnglishhasundergonesincethenwouldbeadiachronicstudy.Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyseemstoenjoypriorityoverdiachronicstudy.Thereasonisthatunlessthevariousstateofalanguagearesuccessfullystudieditwouldbedifficulttodescribethechangesthathavetakenplaceinitshistoricaldevelopment.

（3）Langue&parole

Saussuredistinguishedthelinguisticcompetenceofthespeakerandtheactualphenomenaordataof

linguisticsaslangueandparole.Langueisrelativestableandsystematic,paroleissubjecttopersonalandsituationalconstraints;langueisnotspokenbyanindividual,paroleisalwaysanaturallyoccurringevent.Whatalinguistshoulddo,accordingtoSaussure,istodrawrulesfromamassofconfusedfacts,i.e.todiscovertheregularitiesgoverningallinstancesofparoleandmakethemthesubjectoflinguistics.

(4)Competenceandperformance

AccordingtoChomsky,alanguageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesiscalledthelinguisticcompetence,andtheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituationsiscalledperformance.Competenceenablesaspeakertoproduceandunderstandandindefinitenumberofsentencesandtorecognizegrammaticalmistakesandambiguities.Aspeaker’scompetenceisstablewhilehisperformanceisofteninfluencedbypsychologicalandsocialfactors.Soaspeaker’sperformancedoesnotalwaysmatchhissupposedcompetence.Chomskybelievesthatlinguistsoughttostudycompetence,ratherthanperformance.Chomsky’scompetence-performancedistinctionisnotexactlythesameas,thoughsimilarto,Saussure’slangue-paroledistinction.Langueisasocialproductandasetofconventionsofacommunity,whilecompetenceisdeemedasapropertyofmindofeachindividual.SaussurelooksatlanguagemorefromasociologicalorsociolinguisticpointofviewthanChomskysincethelatterdealswithhisissuespsychologicallyorpsycholinguistically.

(5)Eticvs.emic

[Thesetwotermsarestillveryvaguetome.AfterIreadJiDaohong’sbook,Icanunderstandthembetter,butbecausetheyarevaguelymentionedinHu’sbook,itseemsverydifficultformetounderstandthemfully.–icywarmtea]

Beingeticmeansresearchers’makingfartoomany,aswellasbehaviorallyandinconsequential,differentiations,justasoftenthecasewithphoneticsvs.phonemicsanalysisinlinguisticsproper.

Anemicsetofspeechactsandeventsmustbeonethatisvalidatedasmeaningfulviafinalresourcetothenativemembersofaspeechcommunityratherthanviaappealtotheinvestigator’singenuityorintuitionalone.

Followingthesuffixformationsof(phon)eticsvs(phon)emics,thesetermswereintroducedintothesocialsciencesbyKennethPike(1967)todenotethedistinctionbetweenthematerialandfunctionalstudyoflanguage:phoneticsstudiestheacousticallymeasurableandarticulatorilydefinableimmediatesoundutterances,whereasphonemicsanalyzesthespecificselectioneachlanguagemakesfromthatuniversalcataloguefromafunctionalaspect.

EndofChapter1

2024年北华大学理论语言学考研复试辅导课件

《语言学教程》考研复试辅导课件

2024年北华大学理论语言学考研复试复习提纲

《语言学教程》考研复试复习提纲

2024年北华大学理论语言学考研复试核心题库

《语言学教程》考研复试核心题库之辨析题精编

1．Thestandardlanguageisabetterlanguagethannonstandardlanguages._

【答案】F

2．Alinguafrancacanonlybeusedwithinaparticularcountryforcommunicationamonggroupsofpeoplewithdifferentlinguisticbackgrounds._

【答案】F

3．Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge._

【答案】F

4．Thegoalofsociolinguisticsistoexplorethenatureoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseamongavarietyofspeechcommunitiesandindifferentsocialsituations._

【答案】T

5．Justasaphonemeisthebasicunitinthestudyofphonology,soisamorphemethebasicunitinthestudyofmorphology._

【答案】T

6．Aperson’ssocialbackgroundsdonotexertashapinginfluenceonhischoiceoflinguisticfeatures._____

【答案】F

7．Austinmadethedistinctionbetweenaconstativeandaperformative._

【答案】T

8．AmericanStructuralismisabranchofdiachroniclinguisticsthatemergedindependentlyintheUnitedStatesatthebeginningofthetwentiethcentury._

【答案】F

9．ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople._

【答案】F

10．Soundassimilationmaybringaboutthelossofoneoftwophoneticallysimilarsyllablesinsequence,asinthecaseofchangeof“Engla-land”to“England”.____

【答案】T

11．Glossematicsemphasizesthenatureandstatusoflinguistictheoryanditsrelationtodescription._____

【答案】T

12．Thewordswhimper,whisperandwhistleareformedinthewayofonomatopoeia._

【答案】T

13．Americandescriptivelinguisticsisempiricistandfocusesondiversitiesoflanguages._______

【答案】T

14．Twospeakersofthesamelanguageordialectusetheirlanguageordialectinthesameway.

【答案】F

15．Modernlinguistsareabletoprovideaconsistentaccountfortheexactcausesofalltypesoflanguagechange.______

【答案】F

16．Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,whilethereferencedealswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.

【答案】F

17．TheStandardTheoryfocusesdiscussiononlanguageuniversalsanduniversal

grammar._______

【答案】F

18．AdirectconsequenceoftheRenaissanceMovementwastherevivalofFrenchasaliterarylanguage._______

【答案】F

19．Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing._

【答案】T

20．Themajordifferencebetweenapidginandacreoleisthattheformerusuallyhasitsnativespeakerswhilethelatterdoesn’t.____

【答案】F

21．Iftwosentenceshaveexactlythesameideationalandinterpersonalfunctions,theywouldbethesameintermsoftextualcoherence.___

【答案】F

22．Thesmallestmeaningfulunitsthatcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesarefreemorphemes._______

【答案】T

23．Grammaticalsentencesareformedfollowingasetofsyntacticrules._

【答案】T

24．Basereferstothepartofthewordthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixesareremoved._______

【答案】F

25．.DeSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.____

【答案】F

26．Distinctivefeaturesofsoundsegmentscanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments._____

【答案】T

27．Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.___

【答案】T

28．Inflectionalmorphemesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber,tense,degree,andcase.__

【答案】T

29．Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory._

【答案】F

30．Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.__

【答案】F

31．Therulesgoverningthephonologicalpatterningarelanguagespecific._

【答案】T

32．Boundmorphemesincludetwotypes:rootsandaffixes._

【答案】T

33．Socialchangescanoftenbringaboutlanguagechanges._

【答案】T

34．Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.____

【答案】T

35．Thesoundchangesincludechangesinvowelsounds,andintheloss,gainandmovementofsounds._______

【答案】T

36．Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks._

【答案】F

37．Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisitsgrammarandusesofvocabulary.______

【答案】F

38．Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted.__

【答案】F

39．Aperson’ssocialbackgroundsdonotexertashapinginfluenceonhischoiceoflinguisticfeatures._______

【答案】F

40．Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisitsgrammarandusesofvocabulary.______

【答案】F

41．Pragmaticsisdifferentfromsemanticsinthatpragmaticsstudiesmeaningnotinisolation,butincontext._____

【答案】T

42．Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareas:thethroat,themouthandthechest.____

【答案】F

43．Languagechangeisagradualandconstantprocess,thereforeoftenindiscernibletospeakersofthesamegeneration._____

【答案】T

44．Thesubject-predicatedistinctionisthesameasthethemeandrhemecontrast.___

【答案】F

45．Inmostcases,prefixeschangethemeaningofthebasewhereassuffixeschangetheword-classofthebase.______

【答案】T

46．Wordsarethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguage._

【答案】F

47．ThehistoryoftheEnglishlanguageisdividedintotheperiodsofOldEnglish,MiddleEnglishandModernEnglish._____

【答案】T

48．InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.________

【答案】T

49．Theuseofeuphemismshastheeffectofremovingderogatoryovertonesandthedisassociativeeffectassuchisusuallylong-lasting.__

【答案】F

50．Languagechangeisalwaysachangetowardsthesimplificationoflanguagerules_

【答案】F

2024年北华大学理论语言学考研复试题库［仿真+预测+冲刺］

北华大学理论语言学考研复试五套仿真模拟题

2024年语言学教程复试五套仿真模拟题及详细答案解析（一）

一、名词解释

1．immediateassumption

【答案】thereaderissupposedtocarryouttheprogressesrequiredtounderstandeachwordanditsrelationshiptopreviouswordsinthesentenceassoonasthatwordinencountered.

2．morpheme

【答案】thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.

3．Distinctivefeatures

【答案】Itreferstothefeaturesthatcandistinguishonephonemefromanother.Ifwecangroupthephonemesintotwocategories:onewiththisfeatureandtheotherwithout,thisfeatureiscalledadistinctivefeature.

4．boundmorpheme

【答案】Boundmorphemesarethemorphemeswhichcannotbeusedindepen-dentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.

5．interlanguage

【答案】thetypeoflanguageconstructedbysecondorforeignlanguagelearnerswhoarestillintheprocessoflearningalanguage,i.e.thelanguagesystembetweenthetargetlanguageandthelearner’snativelanguage.

6．open-class

【答案】awordwhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andmanyadverbs.

7．langue

【答案】Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity;Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollow;Langueisrelativelystable,itdoesnotchangefrequently

8．Derivation

【答案】Derivationisaprocessofwordformationbywhichderivativeaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateaword.

9．competence

【答案】languageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.

10．entailment

【答案】relationbetweenpropositionsoneofwhichnecessarilyfollowsfromtheother:e.g.“Maryisrunning”entails,amongotherthings,“Maryisnotstandingstill”.

11．Transformationalrules

【答案】Transformationalrulesaretherulesthattransformonesentencetypeintoanothertype.

12．phoneme

【答案】Thebasicunitinphonologyiscalledphoneme;itisaunitofdistinctivevalue.Butitisanabstractunit.Tobeexact,aphonemeisnotasound;itisacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.

二、简答题

13．Whatarethemajortypesofsentences?Illustratethemwithexamples.

【答案】Traditionally,therearethreemajortypesofsentences.Theyaresimplesentence,coordinate(compound)sentence,andcomplexsentence.Asimplesentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence,forexample:Johnreadsextensively.

Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingwordthatiscalledcoordinatingconjunction,suchas"and","but","or".Forexample:

Johnisreadingalinguisticbook,andMaryispreparing

forherhistoryexam.

Acomplexsentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.Thetwoclausesinacomplexsentencedonothaveequalstatus,oneissubordinatetotheother.Forexam-ple:

BeforeJohngaveheralecture,Maryshowednointerestinlin-guistics.

14．Whydowesaythatameaningofasentenceisnotthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents?

【答案】Themeaningofasentenceisnotthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponentsbecauseitcannotbeworkedoutbyaddingupallthemeaningsofitsconstituentwords.Forexample;

(A)Thedogbittheman.

(B)Themanbitthedog.

Ifthemeaningofasentencewerethesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents,thentheabovetwosentenceswouldhavethesamemeaning.Infacttheyaredifferentinmeanings.

Asweknow,therearetwoaspectstosentencemeaning:grammaticalmean-ingandsemanticmeaning.Thegrammaticalmeaningsof“thedog”and“theman”in(A)aredifferentfromthegrammaticalmeaningsof“thedog”and“theman”in(B).Themeaningofasentenceistheproductofbothlexicalandgrammaticalmeaning.Itistheproductofthemeaningoftheconstituentwordsandofthegrammaticalconstructionsthatrelateonewordsyntagmaticallytoanother.

15．Whatarethemajordistinctionsbetweenlangueandparole?

【答案】Thedistinctionbetweenlangue,andparolewasmadebythefamouslinguistFerdinanddeSaussureearlythiscentury.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.

Langueisthesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetofollowwhileparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.Langueisabstract;itisnotthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,butparoleisconcrete;itreferstothenaturallyoccurringlanguageevents.Langueisrelativelystable;itdoesnotchangefrequently;whileparolevariesfrompersontoperson,andfromsituationtosituation.

16．Explainthefollowingremarkswithexamplesormakesomecomments.

“Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsareconcernedwithmeaning,butthedifferencebetweenthemcanbetracedtotwodifferentusesoftheverbmean:(a)WhatdoesXmean?(b)WhatdidyoumeanbyX?”

【答案】Pragmaticsisthestudyoftheuseoflanguageincommunication,particularlytherelationshipsbetweensentencesandthecontextsandsituationsinwhichtheyareused.Pragmaticsincludesthestudyof

(1)Howtheinterpretationanduseofutterancesdependsonknowledgeoftherealworld;

(2)Howspeakersuseandunderstandspeechacts;

(3)Howthestructureofsentencesisinfluencedbytherelationshipbetweenthespeaker

andthehearer.

Pragmaticsissometimescontrastedwithsemantics,whichdealswithmeaningwithoutreferencetotheusersandcommunicativefunctionsofsentences.

17．Distinguishthetwopossiblemeaningsof“morebeautifulflowers”bymeansofICanalysis.

【答案】(1)more|beautifulflowers

(2)morebeautiful|flowers

18．WhatarethemajorperiodsinthehistoryofEnglish?

【答案】ThemajorperiodsinthehistoryofEnglishareOldEnglishperiod(roughlyfrom449to1100),MiddleEnglishperiod(roughlyfrom1100to1500),andModernEnglishperiod(roughlyfrom1500tothepre-sent).OldEnglishdatesbacktothemid-fifthcenturywhenAnglo-SaxonsinvadedtheBritishIslesfromnorthernEurope.

ThepronunciationofOldEnglishisverydifferentfromitsmodemform.Forexample,theOldEnglishword"ham"ispronouncedas/ha:m/.Intermsofmorphology,nearlyhalfofthenounsareinflectedtomarknomi-native,genitive,dative,andaccusativecases.Inaddition,suffixesareaddedtoverbstoindicatetense.Syntactical-ly,theverbofanOldEnglishsentenceprecedes,hutdoesnotfollow,thesubject.

MiddleEnglishbeganwhentheNormanFrenchinvadersinvadedEnglandunderWilliamtheConquerorin1066.MiddleEnglishhadbeendeeplyinfluencedbyNormanFrenchinvocabularyandgrammar.Forexample,suchtermsas"army,""court,""defense,""faith,""prison"and"tax"camefromthelanguageoftheFrenchrulers.

ModernEnglishperiodstartswithEuropeanrenaissancemove-ment.Adi-rectconsequenceoftheRenaissancemovementwastherevivalofLatinasaliterarylanguage.Inthepost-Renaissanceperiod,the"BritishEmpire"setupEnglish-speakingcoloniesinmanypartsoftheworld.Bythenineteenthcentury,Englishwasrecognizedasthelanguageofthegovernment,thelaw,highereducation,andbusinessandcommerceintheUnitedStates,Canada,AustraliaandNewZealand.TodayModernEnglishiswidelyusedandhasinfactbecomeanimportanttoolofinternationalcommunicationamongpeoplesofdifferentcountries.

19．Howdoyouunderstandcompetenceandperformance?

【答案】AmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950’sproposedthedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Thisinternalizedsetofrulesenablesthelanguageusertoproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentencesandrecognizesentencesthatareungrammaticalandambiguous.AccordingtoChomsky,performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Althoughthespeaker’sknowledgeofhismothertongueisperfect,hisperformancesmayhavemistakesbecauseofsocialandpsychologicalfactorssuchasstress,embarrassment,etc..Chomskybelievesthatwhatlinguistsshouldstudyisthecompetence,whichissystematic,nottheperformance,whichistoohaphazard.

20．Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,whydoyouthinkspeechismorebasicthanwriting?

【答案】(1)Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.

(2)Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.

(3)Speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue,andwritingislearnedandtaughtlateratschool.

三、论述题

21．DiscusswithexamplessomeofthelinguisticdifferencesbetweenStandardEnglishandBlackEnglish.

【答案】OneofthemostprominentphonologicalcharacteristicsofBlackEnglishisthefrequentsimplificationofconsonantclustersattheendofwordswhenoneofthetwoconsonantsisanalveolar/t/,/d/,/s/,or/z/.Theapplicationofthissimplificationrulemaydelete

thepast-tensemorpheme,so"past"and"passed"arebothpronouncedlike"pass."

AnothersalientcharacteristicofBlackEnglishphonologicalsystemcon-cernsthedeletionofsomeword-finalstopconsonantsinwordslike"side"and"borrowed."SpeakersofBlackEnglishfrequentlydeletetheseword-fi-nalstops,pronouncing“side”like“sigh”and“borrowed”like“borrow.”

Oneprominentsyntacticfeatureisthefrequentabsenceofvariousformsofthecopula"be"inBlackEnglish,whicharerequiredofStandardEng-lish.ComparethefollowingexpressionsinBlackEnglishandStandardEng-lish:

(1)

BlackEnglish

Theymine.

Youcrazy.

StandardEnglishThey'remine.Yourecrazy.

AnotherdistinctivesyntacticfeatureofBlackEnglishisthesystematicuseofdieexpression"itis"whereStandardEnglishuses"thereis"inthesenseof“thereexists”:

IsitaMr.Johnsoninthisoffice?

AnotheraspectofBlackEnglishistheuseofdoublenegationconstructions.Whenevertheverbisnegated,theindefinitepronouns"something","some-body",and"some"becomethenegativeindefinites"nothing","nobody",and"none",forexample:

Hedon'tknownothing.(Hedoesn'tknowanything.)

22．Discussindetailthelocutionaryact,illocutionaryactandperlocutionaryact.

【答案】Alocutionaryactistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonol-ogy.Anillocutionaryact

本文TAG：考研复试资料北京大学北华大学